Persuasive Paper-Elder Abuse free essay sample

The seven main types of abuse include: physical abuse, emotional abuse, financial/material exploitation, neglect, sexual abuse, self-neglect, and abandonment (Sellas M. D). The exact definition of elder abuse entails: â€Å"intentional actions that cause harm or create a serious risk of harm [†¦] to a vulnerable elder by a caregiver or other person who stands in a trusted relationship to the elder† (Sellas M. D). Despite laws put in place to protect the elderly, state governments must enforce higher safety standards, and inform people through education about the effects of this abuse. In regard to the safety and good health of the elderly, many laws have already been put in place by the national and state governments. A majority of these laws seem very strict, precise, and straight to the point. For example, ABC News writer David Ruppe says: â€Å"It can be as simple as a caretaker failing to protect a patient from another patient’s abuse† (Ruppe). We will write a custom essay sample on Persuasive Paper-Elder Abuse or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The laws in place, not only protect the patients from the abuse of a caretaker, but also protect them from patient-on-patient abuse. The article written by staff at ABC News also gives a fair representation of patient-on-patient reports: â€Å"Stringent regulations require reporting even the most minor of incidents, such as one resident slapping another† (Ruppe). With these laws in place, they give a good piece of mind when thinking of the aged citizens that live in a nursing or care home. Although we have these laws in place, it does not completely ensure the safety and well-being of the elderly that they should protect. When national and state governments enforce laws, not only will senior citizens be far safer, but also nursing and care facilities will shed the dreadful reputation of being unsafe places to reside. Many people believe being placed in a nursing or care home means they don’t matter and what they think or say will no longer be considered. But the elderly do have feelings and thoughts, and when the government enforces laws, the elderly should feel better about receiving care. It all begins with the patients though; most of the seniors who currently receive care receive abuse as well, and they need to know how to make it stop. One Article Reports: â€Å"For every reported incident of domestic elder abuse or neglect, approximately five go unreported, according to the Administration on Aging† (Elder and Nursing Home Abuse Violations). The national and state governments need to give elderly citizens more opportunities to speak out, and make sure the government enforces the laws. Also, nursing and care facilities often receive very little funding; this causes several problems in the system. For the facilities to shed their awful reputations, the government not only needs to enforce laws but also provide more funding. When the facilities obtain sufficient funding, it will create a better working atmosphere for the aides, and a better, safer atmosphere for the patients. ABC World News reported: â€Å"Insufficient funding is very likely to be a cause of abuse and anger† (Ruppe). Funding, a major catalyst, will help to start the move towards a safer, more welcoming place for the elderly to receive care. Gaining awareness, receiving more funding, and enforcing laws to protect senior citizens, will move the fight against elder abuse in the right direction. Enforcing laws in nursing and care facilities will directly benefit both the elderly patients and the care physician. With laws enforced, and families and patients informed, a world of worry dissolves from the patient and the family. When patients and families don’t need to worry about the safety or livelihood in a nursing or care home, it benefits everyone. The census bureau states, â€Å"According to the U. S. Census Bureau, people 65 years of age and older accounted for 12. 5% of the US population in 2000† (Sellas M. D. ). It would be a huge relief for everyone if laws were enforced. Also, the work environment for the care and nursing physicians would greatly benefit from the enforcement of elder abuse safety regulations. As stated previously, most acts of violence in the nursing and care fields occur when employees collect low wages and feel miserable because of their working environment. When the government enforces laws, it creates a better working environment and then a safer environment for patients. In many cases, nurses and other caregivers may not know exactly what forms elder abuse can take. They need to be informed, in a variety of ways. According to the Oxford Journal, â€Å"There is an annual world Elder Abuse Awareness Day and the International Network for the Prevention of Elder Abuse has United Nations and World Health Organization support† (McAlpine). National Elder Abuse Awareness day benefits people in so many ways because it can be used to educate family caregivers and nurses as well about the ill effects of Elder Abuse. State governments should make it a priority to inform the public about elder abuse, as well as enforce higher safety standards in care facilities. When national and state governments do the proper job, it will directly benefit everyone involved; first of all, it protects and benefits the elderly, as well as the nurses and caregivers. A better work environment will be another high priority achievement. By enforcing laws and informing the public, bad reputations of nursing homes go away, and it will create a better environment and benefit all parties. One article states: â€Å"Almost a third of the nursing homes in the United States were cited for abuse violations during a two-year period ending on January 1, 2001†(Elder and Nursing Home Abuse Violations). The elderly hold an important piece to the puzzle in our country, and deserve ample respect. So next time you hear a story on the news about abuse, or pass by a nursing or care facility, realize that your grandparents-the people you love- could be put in a dangerous situation, and make a pact to change things.

Joyce carol oates whereare you going where have you been essays

Joyce carol oates whereare you going where have you been essays Joyce Carol Oates short story Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been takes up many troubling issues. Connie, the main charcter, who is fifteen exhibits the confusing, often superficial behavior typical of a teenage girl facing the difficult transition from girlhood to womanhood. She is rebellious, vain, self-centered, and deceitful. She is caught between her roles as a daughter, friend, sister, and object of sexual desire, uncertain of which one represents the real her; Everything about her had two sides to it, one for home and one for anywhere that was not home(426). She is deeply romantic, as shown by her awareness of popular song lyrics, but she is interested more in the concept of having a boyfriend than the boyfriend himself. Arnold Friend, young Connie's abductor and probable rapist-murderer, displays a satanic identity. Arnold is the incarnation of Connie's unconscious erotic desires and dreams, but in an uncontrollable nightmare form. The whole terrifying episode involving Arnold Friend is itself a dream, a fantasy that Connie falls into on a sleepy Sunday afternoon when she is left alone in the house and decides to spend the entire day drying her hair. First of all, Oates has made the willing suspension of disbelief somewhat easier by imparting to her story a dreamlike, unreal atmosphere that makes it possible for the reader to view Connie's scary encounter with Arnold as a dream-vision or daymare, one in which Connie's intense desire for total sexual experience runs headlong into her fear of such experience. For all the talk of sex and boys in the story, we have no clear evidence that Connie is not still a virgin. Sophisticated, yes but only in the most superficial ways, involving the heightening of her physical charms triple-x sex. Connies horror at Arnold Friend's direct solicitation I'll come inside you where it's all secret and you'll give in to me and you'll love me(433...

Service Approach through Production line approach in Delivery Essay

Service Approach through Production line approach in Delivery - Essay Example Production line approach remains dependable for the success of service operation in today’s world. This is an approach where employees follow the set rules of customer approach as set by the operation management of that company. Notably, earlier business empires have written in favor of production line approach on customer service. This logic and tactics of manufacturing create a structured order on the service, which a certain company gives to its customers. It is relevant since a majority of the companies in the current world of business make profits out of it. Take for example a case where an employee encounters a business merchant and the customer is new to the products of that company. This is where production line approach comes in since the merchant will need a brief of the company’s product. You will notice that in such situations, the operation management has structured down procedurals for its employees’ to follow in the advent of such scenarios. It wou ld enlighten the client on the basic information, as the employees have to take customer service from stage to stage. The customer benefits from the time and maximum orientation before transactions are sealed. As this is not enough, if a customer establishes himself as regular to a certain service business line, the employee production line approach have to work in favor of the customer until he or she gets are needs well catered satisfactorily. The traditional view of such an approach is that the operational management perceives and believes that when you put your employees into the specialization of their labor, there are economic benefits in it. Through such an operation, the chain of flow on how customers get services is convenient and even creating a non-confusing environment for the customers. This all happens because of the structured procedurals. The success of service industry can multiply with production line approach. The system encourages breaking down of Jobs into multi ple tasks. The positions are then redistributed to employees with each assigned the magnitude of his services (Bowen, 2003:4). Just as the way production industries have broken down their lines of production, the service operation get alike. The employees are assigned areas where they would specialize hence perfecting their skills and register to use upon the customers. The production line of service delivery through specialization makes the quality of customer service efficient. The aim is to reduce wasteful efforts in employees and maximizes greater efficiency. According to Taylor, the procedure focuses on economic achievement as simplicity invents in work delivery. As a

HNC Electrical Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

HNC Electrical Engineering - Essay Example Fortescue, who introduced the method around 1918.....(1) However, it remained difficult to understand the three-phase system working under this concept, as any change in the voltage or current in any single phase could result in the corresponding changes in other two phases as well. Therefore, only two-phase alternating current was used in the power systems and it had 90-degree difference between the phases.(2n) Hence the two-phase power-generating concept was developed. However, we have evidence of using two-phase generators by connecting two single-phase ones, as early as 1890s........(2) In simpler terms, three-phase power system is the one that uses three different wires. One wire can be a neutral cable, which facilitates the system to use higher voltages while transmitting low voltages in domestic appliances. However, those machines that use high voltage allocations, the neutral cable requirement is not there as negligible loads are connected between the phases. In three phase power systems the power load is well distributed, as all the three wires have same magnitude of current with balance power load. Most of the countries have their own color-coding of the wires to distinguish the same in case of repairs. The three-phase power system is the widely used power in all industries, as it has balanced power load with uniform phase angle difference. However, the requirement of the household appliances and applications can be met with the single or two-phase systems as well. All electric motors are the fine example of three-phase power usage, as a three phase induction motor runs efficiently and has high starting torque with trouble-free design. The application of such motors can be found in fans, blowers, compressors etc. While these are medium and large size motors, application of very small three phase motors can be found in computer fans etc. The main advantage

United States Postal Service Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

United States Postal Service - Case Study Example Rather, it creates revenues out of its sale of postage stamps, products and services. Over the last 2 years (2007-2008), the USPS has been hit by increase in cost of postage stamps, cost of deliveries and shipments and the increasing tendency of people to use email to send messages rather than posting letters or cards. It has absorbed a loss of $5.3 million in 2007 and $2.8 million in 2008, leaving it strapped for cash and increasing the possibilities of bankruptcy or business failure. This has been eating into its retained earnings for the period (David, 81). Meanwhile its revenues stand at $75 million and though it has cut back on employees and increased the number of points served, this is not translating into an increase in profitability, mainly due to the rise in costs. USPS clearly needs to follow the lead of its competitors UPS and Fedex, who have leaner and more profitable operations. Its service agreements with them need to be scrapped. USPS also needs to reduce the number of service outlets it has which will reduce the cost of maintaining them. At best one service location per district will work fine. It needs to adopt a centralized system. The internal analysis for USPS shows that it is suffering from many problems. Its employee unions have been successful in bargaining for compensation and benefits, while the employees have been working less hours due to lack of work. As 52 percent of its revenues derive from first class mail, a decline in this volume has affected its revenues. Meanwhile the fact that its Board is appointed by the President and its prices are regulated by CPI, there is a double bind on USPS in that it cannot increase its prices beyond a certain limit. The separation of business into market regulated and Government regulated areas has been the death knell for USPS (David, 83). No organization can be run as a combination private and public enterprise- it is either one or the other. In spite of all its efforts,

Benefits of Personalised Geriatric Care

Benefits of Personalised Geriatric Care INTRODUCTION It is always best to provide an intervention to every issue that is seen. In relation to the common Geriatric problems, there are different approaches in the planning of care depending on the needs of every individual. Personalized care is being promoted and executed to further and better assist every individual who goes through such kinds of condition. In the planning of care for the Geriatric patients, there are two kinds of approaches. These two are the Person Centered Approach and the Non-Person Centered Approach. The Person Centered Approach focuses on the basis of individuality regardless of the persons’ cognitive status, age, race and even gender. In this approach, every elder is subject to the care they need and what is due to them. The healthcare provider in this case should thoroughly identify and gather data to ensure that proper treatment and therapeutic approaches are being executed. What I best int his approach is that, there is no standard criteria for someone with a geriatric condition to be able to fit in. This is basically open to those who need it. On the other hand, the Non-Person Centered Approach has different goals and perspective. They focus on something in general rather than the person as a whole. Their intention is to help alleviate the condition of those elders with Geriatric problems, However, their approach is not directly on the elders. Rather, it depends on the mission and vision of their agency. Aside from the different approaches in handling Geriatric problems, there are principles that Healthcare providers must observe. The importance of these principles and the impact it can create in the development of the elders with geriatric problems. In this research, techniques and abilities will also be discussed. The different kinds of techniques that can be used to benefit the elders will be elaborated. This will gain advantage on both the Healthcare provider and the elders. Considering the equality and Cultural aspects of the community, this will surely make an impact to elders with Dementia or other common Geriatric problems. Because this can create an impact on the lives of these elders, it is best to be aware of such things. TASK There are different principles involved in the person-centered approach for elders with Dementia and other common Geriatric conditions. These principles will aid every individual that is involved in the management of such conditions. Individuality In individuality, histories are being thoroughly reviewed in order for the healthcare providers to specifically know the kind of treatment or therapeutic management the elders might need. Data are being gathered from the significant others regarding about the specific lifestyle an habitual behaviour of the elder. Since this is individualized, the planning of treatment in this case is basically personalized. What may work for elder 1 may not work for elder 2 because both elders may have different experiences and environmental factors that caused their condition. Also, each elder have different needs and it is the duty of the health care providers to determine the appropriate approach. Rights We certainly consider that every individual has their own rights regardless of their status. In this approach we promote that despite the elder’s condition, we should take into consideration that they deserve to be treated right. And in this way, elders with Dementia or other common geriatric conditions are being protected and they receive the treatment that they truly deserve. Despite their condition, these elders are still human thus, they needed to be treated well. Choice The facility in this kind of approach gives the elders the right to choose what they think is best for them. They’re being given the option to choose for themselves. In this way, they have the freedom to voice out their own preferences. The elder’s choice be a large undertaking or small undertakings. In the large undertakings, for instance, elders may choose to sign the â€Å"Do not Resuscitate† waiver. They have every right to do that for themselves. On the other hand, the small undertaking may include choosing what to wear for that day, the colour of shirt they prefer, whether or not they want a jacket or a raincoat on a rainy day. In this way we are giving the elders to be responsible and make them feel that they are not worthless. This will help them feel that they have the control over their life. Privacy Privacy is not disclosing any information outside of the Health care institution. Information is only being discussed within the circle of the involved health care practitioners. Families are given the assurance that whatever condition the elder has will only be made known to those professionals involved in the treatment. Practitioners may only disclose some information once the family has given them the consent to do so. Independence Independence is one of the goals in the management of elders with dementia and other common geriatric conditions. Some people may think that this is quite impossible to attain, but with the constant assistance elders get from health care practitioners, this is achievable. Health care providers must identify certain situations in which elders may find themselves dependent. Once the health care provider has figured out the elders dependence, it is where the health care provider will make a strategy to assist the elder in achieving his/her independence. This may take a long process that’s why it is best to set goals that are attainable. Dignity Another goal in the management of elders with dementia is the promotion of their dignity. Healthcare providers must promote that despite the elder’s situation they still need to be respected as human beings. Promotion of dignity makes them worth as a person. Respect Respect is very important in the management of elders with dementia. They should be treated with transparency to further avoid the deterioration of the elder. This will also help ensure that elders are not confused. Respect is the summation of all the person-centered approach. Autonomy Every person is subject to their own preference. Since we all have this kind of rights, even elders with dementia should have autonomy. In this way, we are guiding them in deciphering what kind of outcome they want for themselves. The non-person centered approach to dementia and the Institutional Perspective and the Bio-Medical Perspective. The Institutional perspective focuses on the policies, rules and regulations in order to maintain the normal function of the physical aspect of the elders with dementia. Aside from the physical aspect, this approach is also taking part in the social and spiritual aspect of the person. On the other hand, the Bio-Medical Perspective’s main focus is the disease process. This perspective is concerned more of the prevention and alleviation of the common geriatric conditions. They are not in any way relating their efforts to the family or to any healthcare providers. They are more concern of the medications that elders needs, the diagnostic tests to further detect the progression of the disease or even the treatments needed to aid the elders with their condition. To maintain the condition of elders with dementia, there are techniques that are being used. Among are the following: Reality-orientation Approach This approach focuses on what is going on around the world. The objective data that clients must know such as the date, time, day, year and even the weather. To confirm this to the client’s we must provide evidence such as newspaper, television news and all the like. Validation Approach The focus of this approach is to validate the emotional content of the person. Healthcare providers are looking into what the client is feeling about a certain given situation. It is here that we can check if the expression matches the content of his/her emotions. Assistive Technologies It is in this approach that clients are being assisted in a way that health care provider brings the world to them. Due to their condition, most often they already forgot how it was to live a life that is normal. Through this kind of approach, the elders will gain more hope, better self-esteem thus resulting to sociable elders. Reminiscence Techniques This will help the clients exercise their memories. In this technique, the clients are given the chance to share their experiences in life. The things they’ve gone through and the memorable events in their lives. This is a good measurement of the retained past memories of the elders. Holistic Approach This approach focuses on the person as a whole. This includes the different aspect of the person’s life. The physical, intellectual, emotional and spiritual aspect of the elder is given importance. These four aspects are being given attention and goes hand in hand in the process of holistic approach. The Public Health has attributed a lot in the management of Dementia. In the Public health, the government funds the programme that is being presented. In a way, this funding will result to an evidence-based practice. This will further develop the management techniques for elders with dementia and other common geriatric health conditions. By doing this, both government and the public and the Institutions will know what is effective and what is not. Also, they are making the public know and become aware of what is happening in the world of the elders with dementia. Making the public become aware of dementia’s nature will help distinguish the early signs of it and prevent it from worsening. Awareness of this condition is their way of making it known to everyone that Dementia is something everyone should never neglect because this just doesn’t affect the person having it but it makes a great impact in the community. Also, health promotions have been made to help reduce the incident of complications of dementia. The healthcare provider’s attitudes should be taken into consideration. They should instil in their minds that positive attitude attracts positive results, so as negative attitude attracts negative ones. Healthcare providers exist to provide the care that elders with dementia need but not to worsen their condition by the way they treat the elders. Providers must be patient enough and smart enough to think that these elders don’t intend to complicate the situation but it’s simply a given fact that elders with these kinds of conditions aren’t aware of the things they do. Healthcare providers are in demand in this case due to the massive growth of older adults. Older generation are being outgrown by the new ones. And it’s now time to pay back to these elders what they’ve done. The code of practice and other published standards has created a great impact in the lives of those individuals with dementia and other common geriatric health conditions. This benefited most on the person centered approach. The impact created was directly received by the recipient, the elders with dementia and other geriatric conditions. The code of practice has impacted the elders in a way that despite their condition, they are still being protected. We are all aware that elders who possess these kinds of condition are primarily affected on their brain, specifically their memory. Without memory, they are all like physical humans who just wander and don’t know where their lives are leading. But because of the concern and initiative of others for these elders, they’ve set standards for them that while they’re losing their memory they’re not losing their humanity. This won’t give impact to the elders now but also to the next generations of growing elders. This has made a way for everyone to be aware that every human has their rights and that no one being left behind. The health sector standards have gained the cooperation of every healthcare provider in providing the right management to elders with dementia and other common geriatric conditions. Moreover, the code of practice has benefitted both the residents and the healthcare providers. To the residents, the code of standards has become their protection from any malpractices. While on the other hand, the code of standard is the guide of the health care providers to do things in the right way and to avoid committing any malpractice that will affect the condition of the elders. These health sector standards and code of standards and other published standards has benefited the person-centered approach because the standards’cncern are primarily for the purpose of the residents safety as well as the health care providers. This is the only approach that it’s only the resident and the health care providers that are involved. Unlike other approaches which does not directly involves the residents. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this paper has enumerated the different principles involved in the person centered approach that gives benefit to both the residents and the health care providers. This paper primarily focuses about the protection and rights of the elders with dementia and other geriatric conditions, how the different approaches work and the benefits it has for the elders. Aside from the primary focus of protecting and promoting the rights of these elders, the healthcare providers are at the same time being guided on how to do things right and possibly rule out malpractices to happen. One way or the other, both parties can benefit from the different approaches, range of techniques, the different public health promotions and attitudes to health and the demand for more health care. RECOMMENDATION This paper will increase the awareness of the principles of the person centered approach, non-person centered approach, range of techniques used to meet the needs of persons with dementia, the impacts of public health and attitudes to health and demand for healthcare to those individuals whose family members has been affected by these common geriatric conditions. However, it’s not enough to make the awareness limited to those individuals that are being affected by this phenomenon. It’s always best to make it known to the public because no one knows who’s going to be the next victim. As what they always say the â€Å"prevention is better than cure.† Being aware is a way of making a step of preventing things to affect you. Although we don’t always have the control over things, but at least, having the knowledge of these kinds of things will lighten up the load and will help managing easier. These information ill help anybody know how things work especially to elders with dementia and other geriatric health conditions. BIBLIOGRAPHY/ REFERENCES Halura, M. (2002). Dementia in New Zealand: Improving Quality in Residential Care. Retrieved from http://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/healthreportdementia.pdf

The Model Theory Of Dedekind Algebras :: Algebra Mathematics Essays

The Model Theory Of Dedekind Algebras ABSTRACT: A Dedekind algebra is an ordered pair (B, h) where B is a non-empty set and h is a "similarity transformation" on B. Among the Dedekind algebras is the sequence of positive integers. Each Dedekind algebra can be decomposed into a family of disjointed, countable subalgebras which are called the configurations of the algebra. There are many isomorphic types of configurations. Each Dedekind algebra is associated with a cardinal value function called the confirmation signature which counts the number of configurations in each isomorphism type occurring in the decomposition of the algebra. Two Dedekind algebras are isomorphic if their configuration signatures are identical. I introduce conditions on configuration signatures that are sufficient for characterizing Dedekind algebras uniquely up to isomorphisms in second order logic. I show Dedekind's characterization of the sequence of positive integers to be a consequence of these more general results, and use configuration signat ures to delineate homogeneous, universal and homogeneous-universal Dedekind algebras. These delineations establish various results about these classes of Dedekind algebras including existence and uniqueness. 1. INTRODUCTION One of the more striking accomplishments of foundational studies prior to 1930 was the characterization of various mathematical systems uniquely up to isomorphism (see Corcoran [1980]). Among the first systems to receive such a characterization is the sequence of the positive integers. Both Dedekind and Peano provided characterizations of this system in the late 1880's. Dedekind's characterization commenced by considering B, a non-empty set, and h, a "similar transformation" on B (i.e. an injective unary function on B). In deference to Dedekind, the ordered pair B = (B,h) is called a Dedekind algebra. While the study of Dedekind algebras can naturally be viewed as a continuation of Dedekind's work, the focus here is different. Rather than investigating whether a particular Dedekind algebra (the sequence of the positive integers) is characterizable, we proceed by investigating conditions on Dedekind algebras which imply that they are characterizable. In the following we review some of the results obtained in the model theory of Dedekind algebras and discuss some of their consequences. These results are stated without proofs. Weaver [1997a] and [1997b] provide the details of these proofs. Attention is restricted here to the model theory of the second order theories of Dedekind algebras. Weaver [1998] focuses on the model theory of the first order theories of these algebras. 2. CONFIGURATIONS Given a Dedekind algebra B = (B,hB), AB is the transitive closure of hB.

Importance of Communication Skills

STUDENT NAME: NYAGOL ONYANGO BRIAN ADM NO. :EC/16/11 COURSE CODE: IRD 107 COURSE TITLE:COMMUNICATION SKILLS WORK:ASSIGNMENT. TITLE:IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION SKILLS TO A UNIVERSITY STUDENT LECTURER: MR. KHWALIA DATE OF SUBMISSION: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦/†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. /†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ STUDENT SIGNATURE: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION SKILLS TO A UNIVERSITY STUDENT. Communication skills are the skills that every individual requires in order to send information to an audience in the most efficient way and receive information from a sender and interpret it correctly. A university student is in dire need of good communication skills to help him/ her undertake all fields of activities in the university including social and academic fields. This is because he/ she will be required to communicate in the most accurate and efficient way to make sure that the information sent or received is perceived in the intended manner. To start with, communications skills will help a student to have good listening habits in class. This will ensure that the student gunners a lot from what he/ she is taught in class since she learns to fully concentrate in the lectures and their subsequent subject matter. Among the skills that will help the student is listening carefully, asking questions, requesting for clarification, responding accordingly, among other things. Communication skills will be very vital for any university student who is a leader. To ensure that all their followers and supporters get them clearly, and interpret their words, gestures and facial expressions correctly, the student has to know how and when to apply these in the communication process. Without appropriate communication skills, the students may risk losing supporters or derailing the people’s confidence in him/ her. The life of a student in the university involves entry into various offices like deans’ offices, lecturers’ offices, Vice Chancellors’ offices, security offices and so on. The student will only get the expected information from the people he/ she finds in the offices if only appropriate communication skills are employed. The student has to ensure that the correct enquiry or question is asked. The student has to give full details of events especially in security offices when reporting a case in order for the correct follow up to be undertaken. Academic life of a university student also entails discussion, public speaking and presentation or research projects and group assignments. The student with good communication skills will deliver his/ her content correctly, in a chronologically planned order and confidently in front of other students. This will ensure that fear in him/ her does not distract the audience from getting the message being communicated by the student. Lack of communication skills may make the student express the information wrongly and hence wrongly interpreted by the audience. Communication skills are also vital to university students in their social relations to their fellows. This comes whenever there is any disagreement on an issue, an extended argument, or a conflict between two or more students. Good communication skills help in conflict resolution and effecting negotiations. When communication skills are implemented at such times, several damages are barred such as fights, insults and even mob actions. For example a student resolving conflict between two other students will ask questions from both parties and evaluate their responses effectively in order to come up with the best solution which suits both parties. University students stay together like four or three students in one room. Angry face all the time, quarrelling at high tones, making noise, are examples of lack communication skills that interfere with the harmonious living if such students together. However, absence of these will leave the students at ease in living together with one another and make them be able to communicate effectively and assist each other in many ways. In conclusion, communication skills are as well important to a university student as academic skills. It is evident that without good communication skills, a student may not be able to acquire knowledge effectively, may get into dangers of misunderstanding and commotions, not get intended replies in university offices, lead an unsuitable social life and many other disadvantages. All students should therefore strive to equip themselves with appropriate communication skills to ease their academic and social life in the university.

Counseling Psychology Essays

Counseling Psychology Essays Counseling Psychology Paper Counseling Psychology Paper Richard is a 44 year old man who has been refereed to our agency for counseling by his doctor. Richard’s doctor believes he has a major drinking problem. Counseling sessions with Richard will be conducted in separate categories of psychodynamic and cognitive behavioural paradigms. The case study will help Richard and his counselors develop specific prevention, intervention, and treatment resources. Psychodynamic Paradigm Psychodynamics is defined as, â€Å"the mental and emotional process underlying human behavior and its motivation, esp. as developed unconsciously in response to environmental influences† (Webster’s 1982, p. 1147). In other words, psychodynamics is predominately concerned with unconscious conflict, until Erik Erikson came along. Erikson, a Neo-Freudian, came up with his own theory of development in psychodynamics called â€Å"psychosocial† (Funder 1997, p. 270). Erikson’s theory of psychosocial stages expands on Freud’s psychosexual stages as the basis of unconscious conflicts. Moreover, Erikson believes that â€Å"the ego does not just mediate between id impulses and superego demands. It is also a positive force in development. At each stage, it acquires attitudes and skills that make the individual an active, contributing member of society† (Berk 2001, 17). Thus, Ericson postulates the not all differences occur in the unconscious area of the mind- many conflicts are conscious. Richard has many identifiable unconscious and conscious conflicts going on in his mind. When a doctor announces that you have a drinking problem, the accused usually does not agree with the diagnosis. But when a professional mental health worker illustrates a number of specific factors that identify alcohol as a disease, the drinker begins to believe their problem is real. If you want to convince an alcoholic that they have a problem, you must get passed their denial. In addition, if the worker wants to treat the alcoholic, a problem has to be acknowledged by the drinker. My first step is to conduct an open-ended interview with Richard’s father. The premise for this interview is to gather as much information on Richard as possible to gauge the truthfulness of his story and to see if there is any family history of drinking problems. Richard’s father agrees that he may be to blame for the abandonment of Richard at the age of ten, but accepts no responsibility for Richard’s drinking problem or interpersonal relationship failures. Next, I got Richard’s previous medical records sent to me so I could go over his past case history. I ordered medical tests and an MRI to see if Richards liver, kidneys, or brain function has been damaged by the drinking. Finally, I sat down with Richard for his interview. During the interview I notice Richard is trying to project his problems on others instead of taking responsibility for his actions. Richard denies he has a drinking problem and blames his inconsistent behavior on depression. I allowed Richard to â€Å"free associate† the rest of his story to me. The prodromal stages leading up to the numerous disruptions in Richard’s personal and business life lead to the conclusion that Richard is in a mild for form of delusion as well. According to statistics in the United States on alcoholism and drinking: â€Å"14% of men are heavy drinkers† and â€Å"about one-third of these are alcoholics† (Berk 2001, p. 433). Berk goes on to point out that, â€Å"Alcohol acts as a depressant, impairing the ability of the brain to control thought and action. In heavy drinkers, it relieves guilt and anxiety. † John Higgins supports Berk’s analogy in his journal publication Psychodynamics in the excessive drinking of alcohol. Higgin’s concurs that â€Å"excessive drinking functions as a defense mechanism against anxiety† (p. 713). In other words, denial, Richard’s defense mechanism in his case, is leading to his delusion that depression is the cause of his problems with anxiety when in reality it is his alcoholism. Erikson uses his psychosocial stages of psychodynamics to explain Richard’s inconsistent behavior throughout his life. At the age of 9-11 years old Richard will go through Erikson’s theory of industry versus inferiority (Berk 2001, p. 320). The origins of Richard’s problems started in late childhood when his mother died and his father sent him away to boarding school. According to Sandra Hutchison she, â€Å"applies Erikson’s psychosocial stages of ego development to the understanding of children’s reactions to traumatic incidents† (2005, p. 174). The risk at this age is to gravitate towards an inferior and pessimistic outlook towards responsibility and moral obligations. It does appear that Richard did get affected by the traumatic events of his mother dying and his father abandoning him to acquire separation anxiety that led him to become an adult alcoholic. Richard’s problems carried through to middle adulthood. Alcoholism tends to run in families, is biological and psychological, and influenced by social factors and relationships (Oltmanns, Emerey, Taylor 2002, p. 382-383). Erikson labeled this stage of his theory generativity versus stagnation. In this stage of Erikson’s theory the middle aged adult decides to mix inner desires with cultural demands to prepare for the next generation. In Richard’s situation, there seems to be little self interest in external community welfare. For the time being Richard is completely focused on his self interests and over indulgence in alcoholism. According to Charles Slater there are seven psychosocial conflicts that give breadth to the central crisis in This stage of Erikson’s theory that include: 1. Inclusivity vs exclusivity. 2. Pride vs embarrassment. 3. Responsibility vs ambivalence. 4. Career productivity vs inadequacy. 5. Parenthood vs self-absorption. 6. Being needed vs alienation. 7. Honesty vs denial (2003, p. 53). As you can see from the description of Richard’s case story, he is in the negative field of all these identified categories of Slater. In other words, Richard is in Erikson’s stagnant part of the stage. Connecting Erikson’s late childhood theory to his middle adulthood theory sheds some light on the situation Richard faces. Richard will need an extensive and intense treatment plan to overcome his deep rooted alcoholic problems. How will Richard’s treatment structure proceed? First, Richard will be required to attend a 30 day alcohol treatment center. Second, Richard will require continued counseling sessions upon completion of his 30 treatment stay. A pilot study done by Daniel Coleman, that integrates psychodynamic theory with cognitive behavioural theory, will be used in conjunction with contemporary psychodynamic therapy to monitor Richard on a weekly basis (2005, p. 206). Third, with the recent empirical hypothesis confirmation of â€Å"unconscious mental processes and phenomenon such as repression and transference† (Funder 1997, p. 280), Richard would benefit from psychoanalytic therapy based on theories of childhood attachment to adult patterns of inter-relations of dysfunctional romances. My prognosis for Richard is deferred for the moment; however, his situation does look good if he is open to the treatment suggestions and lifestyle changes recommended in this case study. It will be a long road of recovery for Richard. Cognitive Behavioral Perspective Cognitive Behavioral Paradigm is defined as, â€Å"behavioral processes that underlie learning† (Oltmanns, Emery and Taylor 2002, p. 39). Oltmanns et el goes on to list the influences of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) as originating on the introspection of William Wundt and influenced by Ivan Pavlov (classical conditioning), B. F. Skinner (operant conditioning), and John B. Watson ( behaviorism). However, social learning theories such as J. B. Rotter and Albert Bandura’s, brought CBT into the current research era. Today’s psychologists and counselors may define the complex paradigm cognitive psychology as, â€Å"patterns of individual differences in behavior and the psychological processes behind them,† (Funder 1997, p. 409), as an accurate description of current CBT. Since its early influence the importance of cognitive processes in learning has been identified and â€Å"behavioral† has been modified to â€Å"cognitive. † Today CBT is â€Å"the scientific study of mental process† that â€Å"account for human behavior† (Hunt, Ellis 1999, p. 32). Richard has many obvious problems that can be categorized as â€Å"learned† and â€Å"cognitive. † When Richard was abandoned by his father after his mother’s death, he learned how to cognitively detach his feelings from loved ones. CBT would suggest that people like Richard who suffer mood swings are affecting their encoding, retrieval, and schema network of memory and facilitating a cognitive break from their emotional state. In other words, Richard is his own worst enemy. The mental processing of Richard’s mind also affects his perception. Thus, his cognitive melt down of three failed marriages, abusive nature, and excessive job firings and demotions, are all comorbid with Richard’s main disorder of alcoholism. Three areas of the memory and one area of information processing have been identified in cognitive psychology: Short term, working, and long term memory along with the sensory/perception (where veridical information is processed) buffer. Some of the possible etiological causes are rather complex in Richard’s past memories. The tragic incident of his mother’s death encountered as a developing young child is obviously the start of Richard’s deep rooted processing problems. First, I believe that the core cognitive problem for Richard is PTSD from the mother’s death. Second, the complex nature behind PTSD makes the disorder cyclical. Is it the traumatic event which caused Richard to become a cognitive processing mess and an alcoholic; or, is it Richard’s premorbid personality characteristics that caused the alcoholism? Third, in my opinion because Richard shows no previous history of psychological problems before his mother’s death, and due to the fact that all his problems seem to generate from that one incident, I see his alcoholic disorder, and the cognitive processing failures of his memory influence on current decisions, being a direct relation to his tragic memory of his mother’s death, and future abandonment by his father, to be the motive and underlying reasons to the pathology behind his alcoholism. Richard’s mental processing of events seems to be mixed with faulty memory dispensation, PTSD, and poor judgment. Treatment will need to function from a new set of developed strategies for Richard in CBT. The recommended treatment plan for Richard will begin with short term motivational therapy (STMT). Because Richard was ten years old when the tragic event occurred, and no Critical Incident Stress Debriefing took place at the time, Richard will need STMT to recognize the severity of his problem(s). Next, Richard will undergo a new PTSD screening test developed by Rachael Kimerling et el called the Validation of a brief screen for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder with substance use disorder patients (2006, p. 2074). Following the STMT Richard will require intense coping skills training and relapse prevention techniques therapy. Richard should also be put in Aversion Therapy (Oltmanns, Emery, Taylor 2002, p. 85), so his alcoholism can be associated with the unpleasant consequences of his behavior where his sight, smell, and taste of alcohol are paired with the nausea. Furthermore, I would like to see Richard join an alcoholic’s anonymous group. I believe that once the PTSD is dealt with, as Sudie Back et el confirmed in their study Symptom Improvement in Co-Occurring PTSD and Alcohol Dependence, that the alcoholism will be reduced to an after affect of the larger problem. Moreover, Back et el backs up my diagnosis by stating, â€Å"PTSD had a greater impact on improvement in alcohol dependence symptoms than the reciprocal relationship† (2006, p. 690). If the alcoholism remains as the excuse for Richard’s destructive behavior after the PTSD has been immobilized, I will recommend future treatments. Richard went a long time without help; however, the good news is that the treatment for PTSD clients has a high outcome of success (Oltmanns, Emery, Taylor 2002, p. 245) once a resolution and strategic treatment plan for the symptoms is put into motion. I expect Richard to make a noticeable recovery in his cognitive processing activities a year from now. At that point I will reassess Richard’s treatment. Analytical Comparison On the one hand, psychodynamics does not originate from empirical evidence; cognitive theories do. Psychodynamics postulates that sexuality is the basis for unconscious conflicts; cognitive psychology disagrees. Psychodynamics relies on human interpretation of dream analysis and other psychoanalytic treatments; cognitive psychology is backed with experimental qualitative and quantitative data. On the other hand, psychodynamics raises some questions that border on genius; while cognitive therapy (the most popular in psychology today) is deluged with redundant questions and experiments bordering over-kill. Psychodynamics is beginning to empirically test and answer some of the questions it raises; cognitive theory seems to be raising more questions than it can answer. In the end, each theory has its positive and negative points; the disorder, and the person, will have to decide which therapy to choose. References Back, S et el 2006, ‘Symptom Improvement in Co-Occurring PTSD and Alcohol Dependence’, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease’, Vol 194 (9), pp. 690-696. Berk, L 2001, Development Through the Lifespan, 2nd edn, Allyn Bacon, Boston. Coleman, D 2005, ‘Psychodynamic and cognitive mechanisms of change in adult therapy: A pilot study’, Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, Vol 69 (3), pp. 209-219.

Free Essays on John Wooden

Wooden John Wooden shares the important personal philosophies that helped make him the winningest college coach of all time. Wooden’s codes are of the traditional kind, centering on family, faith, friends off the court and organization, dedication, and preparation on the hardwood. This look talks about more than just basketball. It talks about the most important game of all- life. It teaches you that hard work and determination can get you anywhere. It also teaches you lessons on life that will make you a great player and person. John Robert Wooden was born on October 10, 1910 in Martinsville, Indiana. He is the son of Joshua and Roxie Anna Wooden. John is a big family man, and it’s a good thing because he has a large family. Shortly after high school, he married his sweetheart Nell, they had two children, son James and daughter Nancy. He also has seven grandchildren and eight great-grandchildren. In high school John led Martinsville High to the 1927 Indiana State title. John went on to Purdue University where he earned All-American honors as a point guard from 1930-1932. He also led Purdue to the National Championship and later named College Basketball Player of the Year in 1932. After turning down a chance to play professional so he could be closer to his family. John decided to teach and coach at a high school. John had a few more coaching jobs before he landed the one at UCLA. Coach Wooden led UCLA to an unprecedented ten NCAA Basketball Championships in 12 years, including seven in a row. J ohn Wooden became the first player ever to be inducted into the National Basketball Hall of Fame as both a player (1960) and a coach in 1972 and retired in 1975 with a 40-year coaching record of 885-203, the winningest record in the history of basketball. John Wooden was raised on a farm in Indiana. His parents, Joshua and Roxie Anna, taught John from the time he was young how to act and treat others. John learned how to be ... Free Essays on John Wooden Free Essays on John Wooden Wooden John Wooden shares the important personal philosophies that helped make him the winningest college coach of all time. Wooden’s codes are of the traditional kind, centering on family, faith, friends off the court and organization, dedication, and preparation on the hardwood. This look talks about more than just basketball. It talks about the most important game of all- life. It teaches you that hard work and determination can get you anywhere. It also teaches you lessons on life that will make you a great player and person. John Robert Wooden was born on October 10, 1910 in Martinsville, Indiana. He is the son of Joshua and Roxie Anna Wooden. John is a big family man, and it’s a good thing because he has a large family. Shortly after high school, he married his sweetheart Nell, they had two children, son James and daughter Nancy. He also has seven grandchildren and eight great-grandchildren. In high school John led Martinsville High to the 1927 Indiana State title. John went on to Purdue University where he earned All-American honors as a point guard from 1930-1932. He also led Purdue to the National Championship and later named College Basketball Player of the Year in 1932. After turning down a chance to play professional so he could be closer to his family. John decided to teach and coach at a high school. John had a few more coaching jobs before he landed the one at UCLA. Coach Wooden led UCLA to an unprecedented ten NCAA Basketball Championships in 12 years, including seven in a row. J ohn Wooden became the first player ever to be inducted into the National Basketball Hall of Fame as both a player (1960) and a coach in 1972 and retired in 1975 with a 40-year coaching record of 885-203, the winningest record in the history of basketball. John Wooden was raised on a farm in Indiana. His parents, Joshua and Roxie Anna, taught John from the time he was young how to act and treat others. John learned how to be ...

Strategic decion making for a company in crisis Assignment

Strategic decion making for a company in crisis - Assignment Example However, American car makers also felt the sharp punch of economic slowdown. Another reason for weakening of the automobile industry was the rising fuel prices round the world. This was linked to the energy crisis of 2003-2008. This discouraged the customers to buy Sport Utility Vehicles (SUVs), as these vehicles were not fuel efficient. The big three automakers in America, General Motors, Chrysler and Ford had to shift their focus to manufacturing trucks or fuel efficient cars due to shifting focus of the customers. As in 2008 situations were turning critical, so the prices of the raw materials were also increasing (Jansen â€Å"Why the UK’s Auto Industry Remains Crisis Free†). The impact of the global financial crisis was more on the automobile sector than on the housing and financing sector. The first reason was the big three automakers of America were running with life-support or financial aid from the US government. The credit market had frozen, so the orders were being cancelled, the plants were being shut temporarily and the suppliers were not paid their invoices. The debt loads were increasing and the high labor cost was an additional pressure for the companies, surviving in this environment. The second reason was the high internal cost and increasing longevity of the two wheelers led the customers to delay their car purchase (Sturgeon and Biesebroeck â€Å"Strategic Decision-Making† 3-4). Thus the demands for four wheelers were neither getting created nor were the ordered cars sold. Moreover, in US the people were not receiving car loans to buy cars because of the sub-prime crisis, so the customers were reluctant to buy cars solely with thei r savings. This was the reason why the sales figure plunged too (Zeese â€Å"The Causes of the Auto Crisis†). The major effect of the automobile crisis was felt in United States and in Canada. The weakening of the sector was due to the increasing prices of spare parts and

In The Cask of Amontillado Edgar Allen Poe uses symbolism, humor, and Essay

In The Cask of Amontillado Edgar Allen Poe uses symbolism, humor, and irony to develop his theme of how Fortunato's foolishness costed him his life - Essay Example Though originally used as a mere instrument by which the story could take off, it takes on a life of its own as it symbolizes the perceived wealth and success in life of its owner. It is a symbol that Fortunato refuses to believes exists but then with his curiosity getting the better of him, he embarks down a path which symbolized his ultimate doom. A more important perhaps to the story is the way that Fortunato is dressed as a court jester during the carnival. As everyone knows, a court jester is someone who is the life of the court. He makes people laugh by making fun of other people. This costume symbolizes the very personality of Fortunato, which is the happy-go-lucky type of person who unfortunately, tends to say or do things that he may not realize slights those around him as what happened unknowingly between him and Montresor. The story also makes good use of humor in the statement â€Å"Luchresi doesnt know Amontillado from a Sherry". It would seem that as far as the social circle that Fortunato and Montresor move in, Luchresi fancies himself a wine conneseiur although his actions betray him as a pretender. Hence the laughter and comedic intonation in the dialogue between the friends. However funny the statement is though, it is still considered by Montresor to be an additional slight upon his person since he believes Luchresi to be a man knowledgable about wines and sherrys. Finally, we come to an analysis of the names and settings used by Poe in the story. I would like to begin with the discussion regarding his choice of the name Fortunato for his doomed character. It is truly ironic that the name Fortunato actually means a man blessed with good fortune in life. Fortunato met the exact opposite during his lifetime. Fortunato has only the worst of luck as he died a horrifying and secret death at the hands of the man he considered a trustworthy friend, Montresor. Then we have the irony of the two settings used for the story, the carnival masquerade